Ethiopic Ordered List

Numeric Lists

Ethiopic numeric lists follow the same rules as do lists counted with Arabic numerals. Mapping an integer onto the proper Ethiopic numeric sequence deserves special attention though.

Alphabetic Lists

Alphabetic style lists for Ethiopic apply only the first (Ge'ez) form of the syllables -NOT UNICODE SORT ORDER!!. These letters may then be used in the same way as Roman script as list counters.

It is recommended that two sort orders be supported. The most important is the "Halehame" order used in Unicode. The second is the "Abegede" order used in some works in Ge'ez literature. The Ethiopic character set in Unicode is a collection of character sets used by the different languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. No one language uses every element in Unicode, each languages uses some subset of what is in Unicode. Accordingly, a writer would normally use only the elements employed by his/her language in an ordered list. Hence locales should be applied to elements utilized in forming an ordered alphabetic list.

The use of locales is the ideal case. Unfortunately only a very few Eritrean and Ethiopian languages have been assigned ISO-639-Alpha-3 codes and even fewer have been assigned Alpha-2 codes. When the use of locales is not possible the Ge'ez (traditional) set in Halehame order should be used as a default. The full unicode set order should be an option however, along with the Abegede order.

Dot (U+002E) is not the normal punctuation following the counter character. Either U+1366 or "/" (U+002F) should be used instead, configuration through a style sheet would be desirable.

The tables in this document are only for those languages currently assigned either an ISO-639-2 or 639-3 code. The Abegede sequence was an ordering used in Ge'ez literature. The sequence was periodically promoted for use in other languages (Amharic and Tigrigna) evidence of its use in collation or in ordered list would be hard to come by were it ever employed outside of Ge'ez. It can be expected that Amharic and Tigrigna users would like to use Abegede ordered list were it an available option.

The material here is based on common knowledge as well as the work Utilization of the Amharic Alphabet in the Transcription of Ethiopian Languages and Literacy by Dr Amsalu Aklilu and Tesfaye Shewaye, Academy of Ethiopian Languages, Addis Ababa, February 1985. Additional information on Ethiopic collation can be found here.

Ge'ez Set (gez)

char Halehame[26] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1220',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1280',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

char Abegede[26] = {
  '\u12A0',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1308',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1200',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1320',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1220',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1280',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1350'
};

Unicode Set

char HalehameUnicode[37] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1220',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1250',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1268',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1280',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1318',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

char AbegedeUnicode[37] = {
  '\u12A0',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1268',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1318',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1200',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u1220',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1250',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1280',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1350'
};

Amharic (am_ET) Set

char HalehameAmharic[33] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1220',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1280',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

char AbegedeAmharic[33] = {
  '\u12A0',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1308',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1200',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u1220',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1280',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1350'
};

Eritrean Tigrigna (ti_ER) Set

char HalehameTigrignaEr[31] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1250',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

char AbegedeTigrignaEr[31] = {
  '\u12A0',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1308',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1200',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1250',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1350'
};

Ethiopian Tigrigna (ti_ET) Set

char HalehameTigrignaEt[34] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1220',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1250',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1280',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

char AbegedeTigrignaEt[34] = {
  '\u12A0',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1308',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1200',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u1220',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1250',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1280',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1350'
};

Oromo (om_ET) Set

Oromo literature used Ethiopic writing from 1870-1970 before migration towards a romanization system by the name of "Qubee" begun. The extent to which Qubee is used for collation and ordered lists is under investigation.

char HalehameOromo[25] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1348'
};

char QubeeOromo[37] = {
  "A",
  "AA",
  "B",
  "C",
  "D",
  "E",
  "EE",
  "F",
  "G",
  "H",
  "I",
  "II",
  "J",
  "K",
  "L",
  "M",
  "N",
  "O",
  "OO",
  "P",
  "Q",
  "R",
  "S",
  "T",
  "U",
  "UU",
  "V",
  "W",
  "X",
  "Y",
  "Z",
  "CH",
  "DH",
  "KH",
  "NY",
  "PH",
  "SH"
};

Afar (aa_ET, aa_ER) Set

char HalehameAfar[19] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1348'
};

Also...
Taddese Beyene, "Afar Orthography" in The Study of Development of Orthography for Five Ethiopian Languages, Ethiopian Language Academy, Addis Ababa, 1982.

Sidama (sid_ET) Set

Sidama also has a romanization system analogous to, but differing from, the Oromo's Qubee. The Sidama system is also being investigated with respect to collation and ordered list use.

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameSidama[25] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1348'
};

Note that Sidama requires four additional syllabic series (derived from ለ, መ, ረ and ነ) that are not found in Unicode/ISO and are proposed for the Extended Ethiopic range in accordance with the Sidama shift to Latin script.

Also...
Takkele Taddese, "Sidama Orthography" in The Study of Development of Orthography for Five Ethiopian Languages, Ethiopian Language Academy, Addis Ababa, 1982.

Somali (so_ET) Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameSomali[22] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1348'
};

Tigre (tig_ER) Set

char HalehameTigre[27] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Wolaita (wal_ET) Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameWolaita[29] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Amsalu and Tesfaye omit ዸ and ጀ (U+12F8 and U+1300).

Alemayehu Dugamo, The Dialectness of Kullo aand Wolaayyta, 1988, Addis Ababa

Ordered Lists for Languages not Covered by ISO-639

Agaw Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameAgaw[33] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1250',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1268',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1318',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

1. Aragawi Gebreyesus Khemtangazqu Fideln YeAgewgna Fideloch, Table of Agew Script by Agew Language Educator, 1998.
2. Habtamu Bekele, The Phonology of Agew, Addis Ababa University Department of Ethiopian Languages and Linguistics Master's Thesis, 1983.
3. Region 3 Administrative Bureau, YeAgew Demits Fidelat, Letter from Region 3 Administrative Bureau, 1998.

Ari Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameAri[26] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1268',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1350'
};

Aster Zewde, Bizuwork Gonfa, Rawda Seraj, The Orthography of Gumuz and Ari, Ethiopian Language Academy, Addis Ababa, 1985

Bench Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameBench[26] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Note that Bench requires four additional syllabic series (derived from ሸ, ቸ, ጨ and ዠ) that are not found in Unicode/ISO-10646 but have been proposed for the Extended Ethiopic range.

Habtemariam Marcos, "Benchnon Orthography" in Orthography in Four Omotic Languages, Ethiopian Language Academy, 1982, Addis Ababa

Blin Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameBlin[33] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1250',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1318',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1348',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1298',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1350',
  '\u1268'
};

Tekie Alibekit, Bilin Language Introductory Phonetics & Grammar 1st Edition, ISBN 82-992623-0-5, Nikolai Olsens, Oslo Norway, April 1992
Tekie Alibekit, Kiflemariam Hamde, Fessehazion Zemicael, Tefhat Blina Ktabetukhwu / Some Standardization of Blin Writing Blin Language and Culture Association, Stockholm, June 1994

Dizi Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameDizi[26] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1348'
};

Note that ኘ (U+1298) might be used for the phoneme of ጘ (U+1318).

Habtemariam Marcos, "Dizi Orthography" in Orthography in Four Omotic Languages, Ethiopian Language Academy, Addis Ababa, 1982

Gedeo Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameGedeo[24] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Amsalu Aklilu, Tesfaye Shewaye, Utilization of the Amharic Alphabet in the Transcription of Ethiopian Languages and Literacy Academy of Ethiopian Languages, Addis Ababa, February 1985

Gumuz Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameGumuz[29] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1268',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1318',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1350'
};

Note that ሐ (U+1210) is used in the Aster, Bizuwork, Rawda table in place of ጘ (U+1318) for the same phoneme.

Aster Zewde, Bizuwork Gonfa, Rawda Seraj, The Orthography of Gumuz and Ari, Ethiopian Language Academy, Addis Ababa, 1985

Hadiyya Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameHadiyya[24] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Some tables (by SIL?) will ommit ፐ (U+1350).

Amsalu Aklilu, Tesfaye Shewaye, Utilization of the Amharic Alphabet in the Transcription of Ethiopian Languages and Literacy Academy of Ethiopian Languages, Addis Ababa, February 1985

Harari Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameHarari[24] = {
  '\u1210',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1348'
};

Region 13 Administrative Bureau, YeHereri Demts Fidelat, Letter from Region 13 Administrative Bureau, 1998

Kaffa Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameKaffa[29] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Amsalu and Tesfaye add ሠ and ኀ (U+1220 and U+1280) and drop ኘ and ዸ (U+1298 and U+12F8). This seems unlikely for an Omotic language and may represent an error in the document or different symbology choices for the same phonemes.

1. Amsalu Aklilu, Tesfaye Shewaye, Utilization of the Amharic Alphabet in the Transcription of Ethiopian Languages and Literacy Academy of Ethiopian Languages, Addis Ababa, February 1985
2. Habtemariam Marcos, "Kefa Orthography" in Orthography in Four Omotic Languages, Ethiopian Language Academy, 1982, Addis Ababa
3. Kaffa and Illubabor Bethel Synods Erushi Ba Kang Ersasmakie, Mekane Yesus Church, 1987.

Kebena Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameKebena[26] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Moges Yigezu, K'äbena Orthography, A project sponsored by the K'äbena Development Association, 1995

Kembata Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameKembata[25] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1268',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Amsalu and Tesfaye omit ቨ, ጨ and ፐ (U+1268, U+1328 and U+1350).

1. Amsalu Aklilu, Tesfaye Shewaye, Utilization of the Amharic Alphabet in the Transcription of Ethiopian Languages and Literacy Academy of Ethiopian Languages, Addis Ababa, February 1985.
2. Dessalegn Samuel, A Contrastive Analysis of Kembata and Amharic Phonology, Addis Ababa University Department of Ethiopian Languages and Linguistics Master's Thesis, 1982.
3. Frehiwot Adnew, Evaluation of Literacy Text Books of Kembata, Addis Ababa University Department of Ethiopian Languages and Linguistics Master's Thesis, 1988.

Konso Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameKonso[22] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Haile Eyesus Engdashet, Konso Orthography, Ethiopian Language Academy, Addis Ababa, 1986

Kunama Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameKunama[20] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1348'
};

Note that ነ with dot below is presented with no phonemic information but might represent ጘ (U+1318) or ?~J~P with slash of Sidama. This character is being investigated.

Amsalu Aklilu, Tesfaye Shewaye, Utilization of the Amharic Alphabet in the Transcription of Ethiopian Languages and Literacy Academy of Ethiopian Languages, Addis Ababa, February 1985

Me'en Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameMeen[27] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1280',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1350',
  '\u12F8',
  '\u1340'
};

Note that ኀ (U+1280) is used in place of ጘ (U+1318) for the same phoneme.

Saho Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameSaho[23] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1210',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1290',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D0',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1338',
  '\u1348'
};

Taddese Beyene adds ኸ, ጀ and ዠ (U+12B8, U+12E0 and U+1300).

1. Amsalu Aklilu, Tesfaye Shewaye, Utilization of the Amharic Alphabet in the Transcription of Ethiopian Languages and Literacy Academy of Ethiopian Languages, Addis Ababa, February 1985.
2. Taddese Beyene, "Saho Orthography" in The Study of Development of Orthography for Five Ethiopian Languages, Ethiopian Language Academy, Addis Ababa, 1982.

Sebat Bet Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameSebatBet[27] = {
  '\u12B8',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1340',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Note that Sebat Bet requires four additional syllabic series (derived from ኸ, ቀ, ከ and ገ) that are not found in Unicode/ISO-10646 but have been proposed for the Extended Ethiopic range.

Silti Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameSilti[27] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12B8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Note that Silti data varies widely. The table above was provided by the Region 4 Administrative Bureau in 1998 and represents the most recent data available. Silti phonology appears to require the same four additional syllabic series as Sidama (derived from ለ, መ, ረ and ነ) as well asቨ (U+1268), ዸ (U+12F8) and ጘ (U+1318). The Amsalu and Tesfaye table adds ሐ, ዐ, ጸ and ፀ (U+1210, U+12D0, U+1338 and U+1340) and appears to use ሠ (U+1220) in place of ዸ (U+12F8) and ኀ (U+1280) appears to be used in place of ጘ (U+1318). The Silti data should be used cautiously until Gutt's 97 dicitionary is consulted for modern usage.

1. Amsalu Aklilu, Tesfaye Shewaye, Utilization of the Amharic Alphabet in the Transcription of Ethiopian Languages and Literacy Academy of Ethiopian Languages, Addis Ababa, February 1985.
2. Amsalu Aklilu, "Siltie Orthography" in The Study of Development of Orthography for Five Ethiopian Languages, Ethiopian Language Academy, Addis Ababa, 1982.
3. Abdi Ali, A Contrastive Analysis of Siltie and Amharic, Addis Ababa University Department of Ethiopian Languages and Linguistics Master's Thesis, 1984.
4. Region 4 Administrative Bureau, YeFedel Sefe BeSeltigne, Letter from Region 4 Administrative Bureau, 1998.

Yemsa Set

ሀለሐመ (Halehame)

char HalehameYemsa[28] = {
  '\u1200',
  '\u1208',
  '\u1218',
  '\u1228',
  '\u1230',
  '\u1238',
  '\u1240',
  '\u1260',
  '\u1268',
  '\u1270',
  '\u1278',
  '\u1290',
  '\u1298',
  '\u12A0',
  '\u12A8',
  '\u12C8',
  '\u12D8',
  '\u12E0',
  '\u12E8',
  '\u12F0',
  '\u1300',
  '\u1308',
  '\u1318',
  '\u1320',
  '\u1328',
  '\u1330',
  '\u1348',
  '\u1350'
};

Habtemariam Marcos, "Yemsa Orthography" in Orthography in Four Omotic Languages, Ethiopian Language Academy, 1982, Addis Ababa